By Karen Mellen | Carnegie Mellon University News
February 28, 2019 – Additive manufacturing’s promise to revolutionize industry is constrained by a widespread problem: tiny gas pockets in the final product, which can lead to cracks and other failures.
New research published in Science, led by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and Argonne National Laboratory, has identified how and when these gas pockets form, as well as a methodology to predict their formation — a pivotal discovery that could dramatically improve the 3D printing process.
“The research in this paper will translate into better quality control and better control of working with the machines,” said Anthony Rollett, professor of materials science and engineering at Carnegie Mellon. “For additive manufacturing to really take off for the majority of companies, we need to improve the consistency of the finished products. This research is a major step in that direction.”
The scientists used the extremely bright high-energy X-rays at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source, a Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility, to take super-fast video and images of a process called Laser Power Bed Fusion, in which lasers are used to melt and fuse material powder together.
The lasers, which scan over each layer of powder to fuse metal where it is needed, create the finished product from the ground up. Defects can form when pockets of gas become trapped into these layers, causing imperfections that could lead to cracks or other breakdowns in the final product.
Until now, manufacturers and researchers did not know much about how the laser drills into the metal, producing cavities called “vapor depressions,” but they assumed that the type of metal powder or strength of laser were to blame. As a result, manufacturers have been using a trial-and-error approach with different types of metals and lasers to seek to reduce the defects.
The research shows that these vapor depressions exist under nearly all conditions in the process, no matter the laser or metal. Even more important, the research shows how to predict when a small depression will grow into a big and unstable one that can potentially create a defect.
“We’re drawing back the veil and revealing what’s really going on,” said Rollett, who is a co-director of the NextManufacturing Center at Carnegie Mellon. “Most people think you shine a laser light on the surface of a metal powder, the light is absorbed by the material, and it melts the metal into a melt pool. In actuality, you’re really drilling a hole into the metal.”
By using highly specialized equipment at Argonne’s APS, one of the most powerful synchrotron facilities in the world, researchers watched what happens as the laser moves across the metal powder bed to create each layer of the product.
Under perfect conditions, the melt pool shape is shallow and semicircular, called the “conduction mode.” But during the actual printing process, the high-power laser, often moving at a low speed, can change the melt pool shape to something like a keyhole in a warded lock: round and large on top, with a narrow spike at bottom. Such “keyhole mode” melting can potentially lead to defects in the final product.
“Based on this research, we now know that the keyhole phenomenon is more important, in many ways, than the powder being used in additive manufacturing,” said Ross Cunningham, a recent graduate from Carnegie Mellon and one of the co-first authors of this paper. “Our research shows that you can predict the factors that lead to a keyhole — which means you can also isolate those factors for better results.”
The research shows that keyholes form when a certain laser power density is reached that is sufficient to boil the metal. This, in turn, reveals the critical importance of the laser focus in the additive manufacturing process, an element that has received scant attention so far, according to the research team.
“The keyhole phenomenon was able to be viewed for the first time with such details because of the scale and specialized capability developed at Argonne,” said Tao Sun, an Argonne physicist and an author on the paper. “The intense high-energy X-ray beam at the APS is key to discoveries like this.”
The experiment platform that supports study of additive manufacturing includes a laser apparatus, specialized detectors and dedicated beamline instruments.
In 2016, the Argonne team, together with their research partners, captured the first-ever X-ray video of laser additive manufacturing at micrometer and microsecond scales. That study increased interest in the impact Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source could have on manufacturing techniques and challenges.
“We are really studying a very basic science problem, which is what happens to metal when you heat it up with a high-power laser,” said Cang Zhao, a postdoctoral researcher at Argonne and the other co-first author of the paper. “Because of our unique experimental capability, we are able to work with our collaborators on experiments that are really valuable to manufacturers.”
The research team said this research could motivate makers of additive manufacturing machines to offer more flexibility when controlling the machines and that the improved use of the machines could lead to a significant improvement in the final product. In addition, if these insights are acted upon, the process for 3D printing could get faster.
Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Tony Rollett discusses additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, with metals, as well as using advanced characterization techniques to solve industry challenges in the field. (Video courtesy of Carnegie Mellon University)
“It’s important because 3D printing in general is rather slow,” Rollett said. “It takes hours to print a part that is a few inches high. That’s OK if you can afford to pay for the technique, but we need to do better.”
Co-lead authors are Ross Cunningham and Cang Zhao, from Carnegie Mellon and Argonne National Laboratory, respectively; other authors from Carnegie Mellon are Christopher Kantzos and Joseph Pauza; other authors from Argonne are Niranjan Parab and Kamel Fezzaa.
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Source: Carnegie Mellon University
